ATacama At Night --- ATAN

At almost 3 million light years from here, in the Triangulum Constellation, we find the second closest galaxy after Andromeda. It’s a splendid spiral seen face-on, which is usually very evanescent but rich with splendid objects.  In this long exposure image (a little over nine and a half hours) carried out with a 25cm f4.8 Newtonian telescope and a color camera CCD (ST-2000XCM) you can have the spectacular confirmation of the nature of those spiral nebulae. What seemed like a dim nebulosity is actually the light of billions of stars and thousands of nebulae, some of which are dozens of times larger than the magnificent Orion Nebula.  Going beyond magnitude 22, a brightness 2 million 300 thousand times dimmer than what can be perceived by the naked eye, this image even shows the great clouds of blue stars, born only a few million years ago, and a background sky constituted by millions of tiny stars. If the astronomers of the past had had the same optical and technological

Situated in the heart of the summer Milky Way, this nebula represents the best proof that the galaxy is still alive and in continuous evolution. This enormous expanse of ionized gas is heated and made visible by the numerous hot, young stars born within. You can notice dark columns inside, called the Pillars of Creation. They aren’t zones lacking gas; in fact, they are anything but. There inside, hidden from view, those columns of dense , cold gas and dust are giving birth to new stars and probably planetary systems. Subjected to their own gravitational pull, those dense clouds of gas and dust begin a slow gravitational collapse which breaks them into many smaller clouds from which the single stars will be born.  The compression increases the heat in the central area, where a protostar is formed: an aggregate of gas, much more extensive than the star will be, and which only emits gravitational energy. The rotation of the gas, for the principle of preserving the angular momentu

All the colors of the Cosmos in one image. The region around Antares (the brightest star, below) and Rho Ophiuchi (above) is a treasure chest full of colorful gems, unique in our sky. In this image different colored stars are easily noticed (the blue ones are hotter than the red-orange ones), two globular clusters and a thick fabric of chiaroscuros in different tones.  The long dark rivers are populated by very cold gas, at around -436°F, and large quantities of dust. The blue region near the top is a reflection nebula, like the one of the Pleiades. The small red region at right, on the other hand, is an emission nebula, with the typical color produced by the rearranging of hydrogen atoms (there isn’t just hydrogen, but you can only see hydrogen’s imprint: they’re two different things!).  In short, the orange nebula on top of Antares is an extremely rare case of an orange reflection nebula. Usually, the gas illuminated by starlight, but not heated enough to become ionize

The globular Omega Centauri, now considered a remnant of a dwarf galaxy, is among the most beautiful representatives of this category, so bright that it is well visible even to the naked eye as a very faint star.  We’d never expect, however, that that indistinct dot, seen with a telescope and a camera, is literally bursting with stars. Hundreds, thousands and even millions of tightly enveloped stars that truly seem to form, this time, an impenetrable curtain. Finally, for once, our eyes are right, because millions of stars are contained in a sphere with a diameter of hundreds of light years. If we could observe the sky from a hypothetical planet set in the proximity of the central region, we would see the night illuminated as day and constellated by dozens of stars brighter than our full Moon.  The density of the stars in the center of the globular clusters is a thousand times greater than that of our galactic environment. In this chaotic place, true territorial disputes

Hidden from European Culture until 1503, these two cosmic clouds are some of the most beautiful treasures of the Southern Hemisphere. Their tracks were brought to our knowledge by the explorer Amerigo Vespucci and just 21 years later were called the Magellanic Clouds, in honor of the leader of the first expedition to circumnavigate the earthly globe. Already, with a careful look without instruments a certain resemblance to the starry clouds of the Milky Way can be noticed. We don’t see the single stars but their colors, contrasts and even shapes let us intuit that they might be pieces of our Galaxy, populated by billions of stars. A small telescope confirms our impression making billions of miniscule dots, darker zones covered by dusts and luminous spots that we’ll soon learn to recognize as nebulae.  The Magellanic Clouds are big star systems more than 93,000 light years away, one and a half times the size of our Galaxy. Therefore, we’re not observing clouds in our own

In the southern hemisphere, the central zone of the Milky Way, so elusive at our latitudes, travels very high on the horizon and is able to shine faintly on the ground, creating soft and diffused shadows. In the planet’s remotest places, this is the only source of nocturnal light and this is the reason it seems to shine even brighter, to the point that one has the sensation of being overwhelmed by the immensity of the Universe.  You can see everything in the following photograph, which shows a panoramic view of the Galaxy observed in the uncontaminated Atacama desert sky. That impetuous column of light superimposed over the dense central zones isn’t light pollution or the Galaxy’s light. It’s the zodiacal light: billions of thin and miniscule dust particles roaming in the Solar System are illuminated by the Sun and diffuse a tiny percentage of its light, which can brighten the panorama in the total dark of those uncontaminated places.

The grandeur of the summer Milky Way (winter for southern hemisphere) across almost the entire sky can be seen very well in this 30 seconds shot taken from the Atacama desert. The view is similar with the naked eye in a very dark sky, even though the contrasts are not nearly as sharp and our eyes can’t see the real colors which, instead, any camera can emphasize.  There is an impenetrable wall of stars in front of us; this is the only thing that comes to our mind. How is it possible for them to be so compressed together? How can they avoid colliding with each other?  We’re in a place unknown to us and our experience, where space is compressed and makes us see objects as though they were all at the same distance.  The truth is that we are observing a crack tens of thousands of light years deep and objects that emit immense amounts of energy. The result? That on an average that sea of stars has the same density as the place where the Sun is: the stars all seem to be united

Let’s observe this photo taken from the Atacama desert and try to dream while thinking a bit about what we are seeing. If all of the stars work in the same way, they are all made from the same, extremely common materials, and there are hundreds of billions of them in the Milky Way; so then, the idea could come to mind that our Sun, the planets, the Earth and even life might not be all that rare, because they are all the result of common materials that are joined together, following simple laws of physics by hundreds of billions of times. Why, repeating a single action almost an infinity of times, shouldn’t we expect that a certain result can be repeated again, just as many times?

I had the luck to go observing at the most productive and advanced observatory of the world: the ESO VLT observatory, located in the heart of the Atacama desert, Chile. Beyond my scientific observations, I also took a series of time lapse sequences of that stunning sky. Now these sequences were arranged to make my best time lapse video of the night sky. I hope that you'll enjoy.

How does it appear an unpolluted sky? What can be seen? How many stars? And the Milky Way is visible? These are some of the questions that many persons are asking to me, so I decided to create a time lapse video with the footage taken during the last three months under the Atacama Sky. This video well shows you the beauty of the sky. With naked eye you don't see the colours and the contrasts are more tenuous, but the show is still gorgeous. Enjoy the time lapse with 4K resolution:

When I was younger and was taking my first steps into the observation of the night sky, I remember very well one of my first astronomical book and especially a chapter where it described the aspect of a perfect sky. A perfect sky is the most normal thing we can imagine: a night sky not contaminated by artificial light. It's the most normal thing because for 4.6 billion of years every living species on Earth saw it and it was normal, just like the rise and set of the Sun, every day. In the last 100 year, the most invasive specie of the Planet was able to destroy the natural beauty of the dark sky for over 80% of the Human population. Now, after 4.6 billion of years, we are the first generation of the entire history of life on Earth that cannot see a perfect night sky. There is just one thing worse than forgetting something important: not having the possibility to do it. We then not only don't see anymore a perfect sky but almost everyone doesn't have memory about that.

In Atacama the Sun is shining almost every day of the year but there are moments, quite rare, when some thin clouds break the monotony. None of them are capable to cover all the sky or generate rain, and often they are so thin that cannot even efficiently block the light of the stars. But when the Sun is approaching the horizon and finally disappears after almost 12 hours of unchallenged kingdom, these clouds can create an amazing painting in the sky. The light of the Sun, just below the horizon, lights up the thin cirrus and give them a brief moment of glory. Just few minutes before the appearance of the first stars, a short sigh where time and space take a small break. In these moments the transition between our daily reality and the Cosmos become a moment to remember, a moment to enjoy, a moment to embrace the beauty of our Nature, which is now ready to leave the scene and let the lights of the Cosmos reflect into our eyes.

The Atacama desert, in northern Chile, is the driest and most ancient desert of the world. This narrow strip of land, where the Sun shines more than 320 days per year, has something special: due to the dry air, high altitude and the lacking of light pollution, the Atacama desert is by far the best place on Earth to observe the sky. In the Atacama desert the stars shine like no other place on Earth. There are so many stars during a normal night that you can easily get lost and not recognise even the brightest constellations. The Milky Way, especially the winter portion (that is summer for northern hemisphere observers) is so bright that can illuminate the ground. The brightest planets, like Venus and Jupiter, and even the brightest stars, like Sirius, cast an obvious shadow on the ground. In Atacama desert, then, we can observe the real Universe, we can think about the big questions of our lives and we can feel part of the Cosmos. ATacama At Night (ATAN) is a photographic projec